Progress of genome wide association study in domestic animals

ABSTRACT: Domestic animals are invaluable resources for study of the molecular architecture of complex traits. Although the mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) responsible for economically important traits in domestic animals has achieved remarkable results in recent decades, not all of the genetic variation in the complex traits has been captured because of the low density of markers used in QTL mapping studies. The genome wide association study (GWAS), which utilizes high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), provides a new way to tackle this issue. Encouraging achievements in dissection of the genetic mechanisms of complex diseases in humans have resulted from the use of GWAS. At present, GWAS has been applied to the field of domestic animal breeding and genetics, and some advances have been made. Many genes or markers that affect economic traits of interest in domestic animals have been identified. In this review, advances in the use of GWAS in domestic animals are described.     

Practical capability of a DNA pool‐based genome‐wide association study using BovineSNP50 array in a cattle population

Genome‐wide association mapping for complex traits in cattle populations is a powerful, but expensive, selection tool. The DNA pooling technique can potentially reduce the cost of genome‐wide association studies. However, in DNA pooling design, the additional variance generated by pooling‐specific errors must be taken into account. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate factors such as: (i) the accuracy of allele frequency estimation; (ii) the magnitude of errors in pooling construction and in the array; and (iii) the effect of the number of replicate arrays on P‐values estimated by a genome‐wide association study. Results showed that the Illumina correction method is the most effective method to correct the allele frequency estimation; pooling errors, especially array variance, should be taken into account in DNA pooling design; and the risk of a type I error can be reduced by using at least two replicate arrays. These results indicate the practical capability and cost‐effectiveness of pool‐based genome‐wide association studies using the BovineSNP50 array in a cattle population.     

农村专业协会服务功能分析

农村专业协会的服务供给主要受到其业务成本、与旧体制的摩擦成本和市场交易成本的限制.在此基础上,提出了扩大农村专业协会的服务供给边界的解决办法,并进而提出了降低农村专业协会服务供给成本的具体措施.     

AFLP标记与棉花重要农艺性状的关联研究

 以陆地棉（Gossypium hirsutum L.）品种中棉所8号和海岛棉（Gossypium barbadense L.）品种Pima 90-53杂交产生的包含91个单株的BC₁F₂群体及其衍生BC₁F_2:3群体为材料,利用逐步多元回归分析确定分子标记与重要农艺性状的相关关系,为分子标记辅助选择提供依据。试验材料分别种植在保定市郊和沧州青县两个点,每个株行考察衣分、子指、铃重、皮棉重、子棉重5个产量性状和2.5%纤维跨距长度、马克隆值、纤维整齐度、纤维伸长率、纤维比强度5个品质性状。以20对AFLP引物组合产生的125个位点对10个重要农艺性状进行多元线性回归分析,发现其中4对引物组合产生的15个位点与10个性状有着显著相关性（P≤0.05,P≤0.01）,而后通过逐步多元回归分析获得6个位点,对9个农艺性状所解释的表型变异为6.2%～30%。结果表明,与9个农艺性状显著相关的6个AFLP位点可以用于未来的分子标记辅助育种计划。     

Studies on Thysanura. II. Orientation Reactions of Machiloides Delanyi Wygodzinsky and Ctenolepisma Longicaudata Escherich to Temperature,Light and Atmospheric Humidity

Notes on the behaviour of six species of sparid fish, all rock reef dwelling, and forming an important section of the inshore line fish industry in the southern Cape, are given. It is shown that these fishes, although closely related, show very different feeding patterns. Notes on the breeding of Spondyliosoma emarginatum are given, and the male behaviour in nature is shown to differ from that observed in an aquarium.     

Genomewide association for a dominant pigmentation gene in sheep

Most published genomewide association studies (GWAS) in sheep have investigated recessively inherited monogenic traits. The objective here was to assess the feasibility of performing GWAS for a dominant trait for which the genetic basis was already known. A total of 42 Manchega and Rasa Aragonesa sheep that segregate solid black or white coat pigmentation were genotyped using the SNP50 BeadChip. Previous analysis in Manchegas demonstrated a complete association between the pigmentation trait and alleles of the MC1R gene, setting an a priori expectation for GWAS. Multiple methods were used to identify and quantify the strength of population substructure between black and white animals, before allelic association testing was performed for 49 034 SNPs. Following correction for substructure, GWAS identified the most strongly associated SNP (s26449) was also the closest to the MC1R gene. The finding was strongly supported by the permutation tree‐based random forest (RF) analysis. Importantly, GWAS identified unlinked SNP with only slightly lower p‐values than for s26449. Random forest analysis indicated these were false positives, suggesting interpretation based on both approaches was beneficial. The results indicate that a combined analytical approach can be successful in studies where a modest number of animals are available and substantial population stratification exists.     

生鲜农产品社区社群电商特征及实施策略分析

分享经济为电商的发展与创新提供了新的契机,社区社群电商应运而生。研究社区社群电商产生的背景及内涵,有助于理解生鲜农产品的特点以及社区社群电商相较于传统电商的区别与优势。通过探讨建立专业团队、保持生鲜农产品的三个稳定、找准目标群体、设计营销方案让顾客深度参与、高效低成本的仓配方案等方法与途径,提出了有效开展社区社群生鲜农产品电商的策略,从而为生鲜农产品社区社群电商的发展提供参考。     

基于像元尺度耕地质量局部空间自相关的基本农田划定

划定永久基本农田保护区是我国农业可持续发展的战略要求,耕地质量是保护区位置选择的重要依据。以湖北省嘉鱼县为例,引入植被指数信息,完善耕地质量综合评价指标体系,通过网络层次分析法确定指标权重,结合局部空间自相关分析结果,分别对基于耕地质量与莫兰指数的基本农田逐像元补划结果进行了分析。研究结果表明,嘉鱼县耕地综合质量在空间上表现出较强的相关性,全域和耕地范围的局部自相关系数分别为0. 864 5和0. 991 6;基于耕地质量和莫兰指数的划定结果在空间上保持高度的一致性,两种方法均优先将空间上呈HH型聚集的99. 97%的像元划入了基本农田保护区;两种方法互为补充,可以为最终决策提供参考。     

翘嘴鲌生长激素基因侧翼2个微卫星位点与生长性状的关联分析

通过120尾同塘养殖翘嘴鲌体长和体质量的测定,以及生长激素基因(GH)侧翼的2个微卫星位点Cal-GH01和Cal-GH02基因型检测,分析了翘嘴鲌GH基因侧翼的2个微卫星多态性与生长性能的相关性。结果表明:Cal-GH01共检测到3个等位基因(404、407和410 bp)和6种基因型,等位基因407 bp是优势等位基因,407/407 bp是优势基因型;该微卫星位点多态信息含量为0.420,观测杂合度为0.207 2,属中度多态性位点。Cal-GH02共检测到6个等位基因(366、375、378、381、384和387 bp)和11种基因型,等位基因381 bp是优势等位基因,381/381 bp是优势基因型;该微卫星座位多态信息含量为0.450,观测杂合度为0.466 1,属中度多态座位。微卫星位点Cal-GH01的分析结果表明,404/407型个体占样本数的13.3%,其体长最长。407/410型个体占样本数的5%,其体质量最大。Cal-GH01不同基因型个体体长和体质量均有差异,但差异均不显著(P>0.05)。在微卫星位点Cal-GH02中,366/381型个体占样本数的3.3%,其体长和体质量均最大,其体质量显著大于其他基因型个体(P<0.05)。384/387型个体占样本数的2.5%,其体长和体质量均最小,其体长显著小于其他基因型个体(P<0.05)。翘嘴鲌GH基因多态性与生长性状存在关联,推测相关变异位点可作为翘嘴鲌生长的候选辅助标记。     

西瓜种子大小全基因组关联分析

试验调查分析62份不同西瓜种质资源种子大小性状,包括种子长度、种子宽度、种子厚度、种形指数、种子千粒重、单瓜种子数等。针对性状结果展开数据分析,以主成分分析、相关性分析、聚类分析等不同统计学方法分析不同品种特征近似程度。种子大小遗传多样性分析结果表明,62份西瓜种质资源中,种子长度、种子宽度、种子厚度、种形指数、种子千粒重、单瓜种子数多样性指数均在4.20以上,呈较高多样性;通过全基因组关联分析发现,共检测到7个与西瓜种子长度相关的SNP位点和11个与西瓜种子宽度相关的SNP位点,其中4、7号染色体上2个与西瓜种子长度相关的SNP达显著水平,4个与西瓜种子宽度关联的SNP位点达显著水平,分别位于1、4、7、10号染色体。